Language and Gender between Canada and French

Fisrt of all, what is sociolinguistics? Sociolinguistics are seeking to examine different social cultural patterns and investigate different conversation practices. Language appears as a symbol system, in words of higher concepts and senses, it shows a mechanism and pattern for representing the empirical universe. Language and Gender is actually only other scholarly publication to which academics interested in the convergence of these dimensions should shift, whether as contributors pursuing a common audience or as readers seeking a valid reference for current discussions in the area. Language and gender differ in every country or every continent. The distinction in the language of gender has always been challenging. Gender variations in language are not only seen as a lingua franca but also as a sociological phenomenon have become a common subject in linguistics and sociolinguistics. Gender gaps in the linguistic phenomena are not accidental; they have a profound historical social context. Both men and women have different rank and different responsibilities, so they have multiple responsibilities and additional rules. Usually, in all types of sports subjects are dominated by men, women are usually educated, while women's problems are usually family life, people, and emotions. So dialogues that reveal someone's inner life are typically more women, but men prefer to hide their emotions. I will explain the difference between the aspect of  language and gender in sociolinguistics in Canada and sociolinguistics in French.

The first thing I will explain is language and gender in sociolinguistics in Canada. Henry Rogers and Ron Smyth are Canadian scholars from the University of Toronto who have been researching language and gender issues. Not only the two of them, but there are many Canadian scholars who research about language and gender in Canada. Rogers and Smyth have investigated the ociophonetic variation in vowel and consonant articulation with respect to gender, gender identity and sexual orientation. In particular, they are focused on identifying the phonetic characteristics that make speech sound manly. They both found multiple auditory similarities that listeners use to classify a speech as manly-sounding: a longer and high frequency of fricatives / s / and / z /; a longer aspiration of voiceless stops; a clearer / l /. Rogers and Smyth also stated that the boy's voice represented the characteristics of the female phonetic sound. Also At York University, Susan Ehrlich emphasizes about language and identity.. Ehrlich's latest research focused on the manner in which terminology is used in legal contexts, in particular the discourse of evidence and court rulings relating to cases of sexual assault and abuse. Ehrlich claims that the implicit preconceptions of legal terminology have an impact on the result of the proceedings. Also Deborah James at the University of Toronto investigates gender gaps in the use of languages. She examines the various ways men and women use derogatory terms in his earlier work. James has put together a collection of writings taken from restroom walls and she's analyzed the similarities and differences in the use of male and female graffiti. Another scholar is Bonnie McElhinny at the University of Toronto. He focuses on researching various collaborative styles of men and women at work. McElhinny has researched the language of women employed in historically male-dominated jobs, like police forces, to see if women are adapting more 'male' forms of conversation.

Next I will explain the language and gender of sociolinguistic in French. In French, nouns have a gender grammatical as for female and masculine for their grammatical purposes. The grammatical objective of gender is to differentiate between female and masculine user goals. Some of the nouns that represent gender-based persons (people and animals) both use the female version and the masculine form, for example, the two words "actors" in French are acteur (m) and actrice (f). Nouns that describe genderless objects (e.g. objects and abstract concepts) have only one type. It can be masculine or feminine. For example, la voiture (the car) may only be feminine; a pen (the pen) may be male only. There are several nouns that describe gender-based objects for which there is only one type, that is used despite the actual sexuality of the object, for instance, the word for person; personne; is always female, even if the person is male, and the word for teacher; professeur; is always male, even if the teacher is female. Regrettably, you should try to avoid misunderstandings by certain exceptions in French. There are also the same word, except whether it is male or female it has differing meanings; for example, une livre (m) means a book; but a une livre (f) denotes one pound. Some men-like terms (like la photo that literally signify photography), are feminine, and vice versa. Then other people are meaningless; la foi means feminine and means faith, while le foie means liver.  But in French, there are also nouns that do not use biological gender designation, such as e.g. 'Un éléphant femelle' - a female elephant, 'une souris mâle' - a male mouse. In addition, there are some words in French that do not have a feminine ((eg 'un gourmet') and masculin (eg 'une victime') form. Trudeau explores gender marking in occupations whether there is a gender specific occupation or not. she also traces sociohistorical evolution in professions or occupations, for example, 'jugesse' [f.] - female judge. During in the Restoration and Modern ages, the feminization of occupational titles occurred (eg 'sacristaine' [f.] - female sacristan). From time to time, gender-based work specializations have grown increasingly special. For example 'wife of' (e.g. 'ambassadrice' [f.] - wife of the ambassador). In the early twentieth century, a growing number of women were in professions that were predominantly male before them. Thus, certain feminine words developed. For example, "avocate" [f.] - female lawyer, "artisane" [f.] - craftswoman, "pharmacienne" [f.] - female pharmacist. We know that in the past, lawyer was a profession that was dominated by men, but as we entered the early twentieth century there were more and more understandings that had developed, so that many women took part in a profession that was dominated by men. The years 1920-1960 saw the first wave of feminism in France which led to the idea of ​​a progressive male form. This feminist challenges the conventional notion of 'femininity' by opposing words such as 'poetesse' [f.] (Female poet) and 'docteresse' [f.] (Female doctor). This gender marking controversy continues so that the gender of the word feminist returns to feminine. Then, with this controversy, until finally the equality law was issued in 1983, a new awareness emerged about the relationship between gender marking and social perceptions. Yvette Roudy, is a Ministre des Droits de la Femme (Minister of Women's Rights), states that women were excluded from taking jobs where there was just a masculine symbol (eg 'un ingénieur' [m.] - engineer [m./f .]) and spearheaded attempts to eradicate gender-based disparities. The Roudy Committee, made up of members from different government departments, sociologists, linguists and delegates of the Académie française, published public opinion polls, the results of which indicate opposition to feminization is particularly significant in occupations that have excluded women to date (– for example medicine, law, military, business). The Commission opposes the word 'femme' + noun and instead proposes the use of the already productive minimum phonetic and morphological mechanisms in French:

1.      –ier to –ière                 (pompière [f.] – female firefighter);

2.      –ien to –ienne              (chirurgienne [f.] – female surgeon);

3.      –eur to –euse               (chercheuse [f.] – female researcher);

4.      Final consonant to –e  (sculpteure [f.] – female sculptor).

In 1997, the woman ministers in the Jospin cabinet declined to be named 'Madame le ministre' (Madame le ministre [L.]), then the rejection collided with the more conservative COGETER (commission générale de terminologie et de néologie-Commission générale de terminologie et de néologie) and the more radical INALF (Institut national de la langue française-Institut national de la langue française). In addition, INALF funded an official guide to feminisation in 1999. Although not all women welcome such feminization efforts, with certain objecting to the possible uncertainty of such feminine terms (e.g. 'rédactrice'-either female editor or female editor of magazines) and some suggesting that such professional titles are nouns and not adjectives.

That's all the language and gender of sociolinguistic between in Canada and French.

 

Introduction

             Article entitled Japanese Sociolinguistics by Janet S. Shibamoto listed the main points of Sociolingustics in Japan as the writing system, loanword usage, standardization, honorification, language and sex, and bilingualism and minority languages in 1987. Below discusses the ways in which recent research on Japanese sociolinguistics responds to social change and what is of urgent concern today. Sociolinguistics in Japan was established when Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyu-jyo was founded in 1949.

Background Information

            Very few Japanese people speak English or other second languages, they even pronounce English words in Japanese accents because 128 million Japanese people use Japanese as their mother tongue. The writing system consists of a combination of three scripts: ideographic characters (kanji) and two phonetic scripts, hiragana and katakana, which developed over time. The area of social change over the past 20 years has opened up new areas of sociolinguistic research covering technological advances and a regional focus on the importance of the English language. Japan also leads the world in the use and development of the mobile Internet. The level of immigrants in Japan is increasing so that communicative English is needed, even now, the policy is to want English to become a compulsory curriculum in elementary schools.

The Writing System

Loandwords

Dialects

Honorifics

Language and Gender

Minority languages and bilingualism

The level of immigration in Japan is increasing from time to time so that many elementary school children whose first language is not Japanese. Japanese students who take education abroad and return to Japan, how they choose to use the language leads to the construction of a new identity. This polemic can create social barriers in Japan between those who are fluent in English and them whos not.

Language planning and language policy

Research on language planning and language policy is still being discussed and researched. Japanese language research on language policy focuses on the nature of language policies developed and implemented in Japan, as well as research experts documenting and analyzing that ideology and politics.

 

 

The above article references the book The Routledge Handbook of  Sociolinguistics Around the World

 

 

Hiii everyone, welcome to my simple blog, because our life has to be simple: D

I'm Aulia Arifin, but you can call me Aulia. I'm a college student in Bengkulu University, english education is my major. Now, I'm in 3rd year or 5th semester. Btw about my campus life, my friends and I always talk about our assignment, learn together and chit chat, of course. I live in Bengkulu city, the distance from my house to the campus is approximately 5 km. I think that's enough about my self.

Now I am writing this blog in an unusual situation, because the condition of the country and even the world is not well because of the plague. This pandemic is very quickly transmitted to fellow humans, many have become victims of the Covid-19 outbreak, many have also died from the outbreak. This outbreak was the first time in Indonesia since March 2020, forcing all offices, schools, campuses, malls and others to close so that the spread of the plague gets less or stops. Since March, my friend and I have had to learn from home until now. My feelings are quite sad because I can't freely hang out with family and friends, and I have to stay at home, even if I leave the house, I only take care of a few things and have to hurry home. Even at home, I became bored because of the same activities over and over again without refreshing my mind. Finally I tried new things at home such as reading books, learning to cook, growing micro greens, caring for cacti and succulents and I also playing with makeup tools. There are still many new things that I have to try even at home.

My hope at this time and for the future is that this plague will disappear from the surface of the earth, although it is not that easy. Our activities are limited and hindered because Covid-19 does not make us never give up on our activities such as studying, meeting face to face with friends, because there is still a solution, namely using the internet as well as possible. Hopefully one day we can go out again together.

Don't forget to use mask, do social distanding and stay at home. 

My last words for me and for you are always take care of health and be grateful :D

See you next time guys

 Hi, welcome to my blog

 I'm Aulia Arifin

Nice to meet you :)

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